adminWhat is hafnium caride?
Hafnium carbide, also known as HfC (hafnium-carbonide), is a chemical mixture of carbon and hafnium. It is known to be one of most reactive binary compounds and has a melting temperature around 3900°C. The compound’s resistance to oxidation is extremely low. It can be used as an oxidizer in spacecraft.
Because carbonization is often devoid of carbon, its composition is typically expressed in HfCx (x= 0.5 to 1.1). You can find any value of x in the cubic (salt-rock) crystal structure.
Hafnium oxide (HfO2) is used to synthesize hafnium carbide. Reaction temperature ranges from 1900-2300°C. Hafnium carbonide forms solid solutions with many compounds (such ZrC, TaC etc. ).
Hafnium (IV), oxide is obtained from reducing hafnium caride powder with carbon at 1800 – 2000°C. The oxygen removal process takes many hours. Another option is to obtain a HfC coated of high purity from methane, hydrogen or vaporized chlorinated chlorineide (IV). This can be done by chemical vapor deposition. HfC’s technical complexity and high production cost make it difficult to use. However, HfC does have some advantages such as a high melting point and hardness (>9 Mohs).
HfC x magnetism shifts from paramagnetism (x 0.8) to diamagnetism (x larger). TaC x exhibits the same crystal structure of HfC, but the reverse behavior is seen (para-paramagnetic transformation with increasing x).
Why is hafnium carbide being used?
Hafnium carbonide can be used to make rocket nozzles. You can use it as the nose cone on space rockets to re-enter in the atmosphere. It is also used in ceramics.
Is hafnium caride as strong?
W-based, Mo-based alloys containing hafnium caride are superior in tensile strength and stress fracture than the ones without it. MoHfC steel exhibits greater stress rupture and tensile strengths than WHfC under pressures up to 1400K.
Hafnium carbid has a density 12.7g/cm3 as well as a melting point 3890°C. It is one of the best single compounds known. Volume resistance is 1.9510-4cm (2990), and thermal expansion coefficient 6.7310-6/. Hafnium dioxide, also known as HfO2, and carbon can be used to make powders in an inert atmosphere or reducing environment. Hafnium carbide has a reaction temperature between 1900 and 2300. It is capable of forming a solid solution when combined with other compounds such as ZrC, TaC or others. It is a good material for impact and has good thermal conductivity.
Is hafnium carbide poisonous?
Trichlorooxidation has been shown to cause toxic effects via the intraperitoneal route in animal experiments. It has not been reported that industrial poisoning was involved. Carbide – Pure carbon can safely be ingested or graphite processed to make it less toxic.
How does hafnium carbonide achieve a high melting temperature?
Hafnium carbid is highly resistant to corrosion, as it forms an oxide coating on the surface. The mixed carbide of Hafnium, tungsten, and hafnium, which has a melting point at 7,457 degrees Fahrenheit, is the most potent of the known three-element compounds. This figure was compiled by Chemical World.
Introduction To Hafnium-What Is Hafnium?
Hafnium is often found in nature alongside zirconium. Minerals containing zirconium also have hafnium. The nature of hafnium, zirconium, and hafnium are almost identical. Industry uses between 0.5 and 2% of zircon. Beryllium zircon from secondary zirconium mines can have up to 15% HfO2. Metamorphic zircon made from stone can also contain more than 5% HfO2. Both of these minerals do not have large reserves, so they aren’t used much in industry. Hafnium is mostly recovered during zirconium production.
The process of melting hafnium can be described as the same one used for zirconium. In general, there are five steps.
Decomposition is the first stage. The first step is the decomposition of ore. 2 The alkaline fusion is of zircon. Zircon, zircon & NaOH melt at 600. At this point, over 90% of (Zr.Hf)O2 has been transformed into Na2 Zr,Hf O3. This transforms the SiO2 into Na2SiO3, which can be removed with water. The original method for zirconium-hafnium separation can be done with Na2(Zr. Hf.O3), which is dissolved in water. The problem is that it has SiO2 colloid. This makes solvent extraction and separation very difficult. You can 3Sinter it with K2SiF6 and obtain the K2(Zr., Hf.F6 solution by water immersion. It can fractionally crystallize zirconium or hafnium.
Next, we need to separate zirconium from hafnium. These can be achieved by solvent extraction using the HNO3-TBP and the hydrochloric acids-MIBK (methylisobutyl ketones) systems. It has been long studied how multi-stage fractionation can be achieved using the difference of vapor pressure of HfCl4 or ZrCl4 melts in high pressure (20 to 20 atm). This will eliminate secondary chlorination processes and lower costs. Due to corrosion of (Zr Hf)Cl4 or HCl, finding a suitable material for fractionation columns is challenging. It will also decrease the quality of ZrCl4/HfCl4 as well as increase purification costs.
Second chlorination is necessary to produce crude HfCl4 by reducing HfO2. The fourth stage is purification of HfCl4 (and magnesium reduction). It is similar to the process of purifying and reducing ZrCl4. The semi-finished product that is obtained is crude sponge haffnium. To remove excess MgCl2 as well as recover magnesium, vacuum distillation is performed on crude sponge hafnium. You get sponge metal hafnium as the final product. The fifth step will be water immersion, if sodium is used as a reducing agent instead of magnesium.
You should take special care to remove the hafnium-sponge from the crucible in order to prevent spontaneous combustion. For large sponge hafnium pieces to be crushed into smaller pieces that can be used as electrodes or melted into ingots, it must be broken down into pieces small enough for use. It is also important that the broken pieces are not ignited. Further purification of sponge hafnium via the iodide heat decomposition method is possible. Control conditions for sponge hafnium are somewhat different than those for zirconium. Small pieces of sponge hafnium are kept around the iodination tube at 600°C. The temperature of the hotwire in the middle is 1600°C. This is more than the 1300°C temperature when the zirconium “crystalrod” was made. . Forging, drawing, extrusion, and other processes are used to form hafnium.
Hafnium application
Pure hafnium is a valuable material for the nuclear energy industry because it has the following properties: plasticity; easy processing; high temperature resistance and resistance to corrosion. Hafnium’s large thermal neutron trap section makes it an ideal neutron absorber. This can be used both as a protection rod or control rod for an atomic nuclear reactor. Hafnium can also be used to propel a rocket. Electrical industry can make the anode for Xray tubes. Hafnium alloy can be used as the protective front layer for rocket nozzles, gliding aircraft re-entry planes, and Hfta alloy can be used to produce tool steel and other resistance materials. Hafnium may be added to heat-resistant alloys like tungsten and molybdenum. Due to its high hardness, and low melting point HFC can be used in cemented carbide additives. 4TaCHfC’s melting point is approximately 4215°C. It is known to be the most melting compound.
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